{"id":12185,"date":"2025-06-25T21:15:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-26T01:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/?p=12185"},"modified":"2025-06-25T21:07:31","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T01:07:31","slug":"science-of-reading-for-secondary-boosting-vocabulary-instruction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/2025\/06\/science-of-reading-for-secondary-boosting-vocabulary-instruction\/","title":{"rendered":"Science of Reading for Secondary: Boosting Vocabulary Instruction"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Science of Reading (SOR) is not a fad or a new initiative\u2014it\u2019s the result of decades of empirical study and research that have proven how the brain learns to read and the tried-and-true practices that support this process. To integrate insights from this body of research into our instruction, there are some habits we\u2019ll need to change and practices we\u2019ll need to alter\u2014but the science is sound and the growth potential for our students is huge. One commonly held thought is that if a student struggles with reading in the third grade, that student is more likely to drop out of high school and experience a host of other poor outcomes. If this is true, why don\u2019t we put more effort into robust reading practice to get all students up to par? Most secondary teachers don\u2019t have the literacy training to fully support struggling readers in the classroom, and most people don\u2019t know how our brains adapt to allow us to read (for more on that, check out this fascinating infographic from <a href=\"https:\/\/eab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/PDF-DLF-How-Our-Brains-Learn-to-Read.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">EAB<\/a>!). So, if we know how important it is for students to have a strong reading foundation and how detrimental reading deficits can be for students, why are we not doing more to solve the problem?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A few weeks ago, I stumbled upon a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9WJcgxyuATU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">TEDx Talk from Melissa Hostetter<\/a> discussing the Science of Reading and its importance. There were so many things that stuck with me from her talk, but this quote was a mental gut-punch: \u201cToday\u2019s struggling reader is tomorrow\u2019s partially illiterate adult.\u201d Hostetter\u2019s elegantly blunt statement is what we all need to hear. We need to act. As I mentioned in an <a href=\"https:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/2025\/02\/science-of-reading-for-all-why-all-secondary-teachers-need-to-add-this-to-the-lesson\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">earlier blog post<\/a>, the current decline in literacy rates and the growing needs of our students make a focus on literacy an all-hands-on-deck necessity. So, let\u2019s start by focusing on something that we do in every class throughout the secondary level: vocabulary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Can we Afford to Ignore the Science of Reading? | Melissa Hostetter | TEDxUofISpringfield\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9WJcgxyuATU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bring Science of Reading-Based Vocabulary Instruction to all Secondary Classes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vocabulary instruction is something that cannot be ignored. Every class and every teacher at the secondary level works with vocabulary in some manner, whether it\u2019s subject-specific terminology, shared academic language, or the targeted integration of words that could trip up learners in a lesson. Strong vocabulary skills not only improve reading and overall communication abilities, but they also improve decoding and analytical abilities. Like everything with the Science of Reading, vocabulary instruction needs to be purposefully and explicitly taught. Here are a few Science of Reading-backed instructional practices you can bring to any class that are based on former president of the International Dyslexia Association (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.teachersfirst.com\/single.cfm?id=2009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reviewed here<\/a>) Nancy Hennessey\u2019s four-tier vocabulary instructional approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Intentional Instruction<\/strong>:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is where secondary teachers feel the most comfortable when it comes to vocabulary instruction, but we often fall into the exposure trap: we share the words with students, talk about meanings, and maybe do an activity\u2026and that\u2019s it. I\u2019ve done it, too\u2013we\u2019re so pressed for time that it feels impossible to spend hours on vocabulary instruction. So, how do we give the students the vocabulary skills they need and still get everything done? Getting all subjects on board and changing up our approach by delivering focused, deliberate vocabulary instruction for key terms are major steps. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Science, when introducing your unit on the solar system, give students specific practice with the term by using semantic mapping (see fig. 1), which works really well for larger concepts. As a class, make a word web and have students share what they associate with the concept. Concept sorts are very similar\u2014give students a list of concepts and have them sort them under the categories they belong to. These simple activities immediately help students connect the dots and associate new concepts with previous knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"http:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214113.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"556\" height=\"444\" src=\"http:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214113.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12188\" style=\"width:329px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214113.png 556w, https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214113-300x240.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1: Semantic Mapping Solar System Example<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you want to go a bit further with vocabulary, check out the Frayer Model\u2014a vocabulary graphic organizer that helps students understand words from multiple angles. The example below (fig. 2) is a Frayer Model based on a lesson from Ursula Lovings on <a href=\"https:\/\/teaching.betterlesson.com\/lesson\/594860\/unit-rate?from=master_teacher_curriculum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>BetterLesson<\/em><\/a><em> (<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.teachersfirst.com\/single.cfm?id=14990\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reviewed here<\/a>)\u2014you can find more math-specific Frayers on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/the-frayer-model-for-math-2312085\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ThoughtCo.com<\/a>. The Frayer Model is very adaptable, so don&#8217;t be afraid to change it to meet your needs. For example, instead of having students give non-examples, I will often change that compartment to have students create three example sentences using a variety of word variations (see fig. 3), or I will have students illustrate the concept. Like the semantic mapping activity, this can be used in all subject areas to add to students\u2019 depth of vocabulary knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"http:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214043.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"966\" height=\"719\" src=\"http:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214043.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12187\" style=\"width:290px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214043.png 966w, https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214043-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214043-768x572.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 966px) 100vw, 966px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 2: Frayer Model Template. Adapted from BetterLesson Coaching, <a href=\"http:\/\/teaching.betterlesson.com\/browse\/master_teacher\/56007\/ursula-lovings?from=breadcrumb_lesson.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">teaching.betterlesson.com\/browse\/master_teacher\/56007\/ursula-lovings?from=breadcrumb_lesson.<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"http:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214000.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"694\" src=\"http:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214000.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12186\" style=\"width:316px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214000.png 1009w, https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214000-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-14-214000-768x528.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1009px) 100vw, 1009px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 3: Frayer Example.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u201cIncidental-on-Purpose\u201d Instruction:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is my favorite way to introduce vocabulary to secondary students because it\u2019s organic and mimics how readers approach unknown words in the real world. This method works best with those secondary vocabulary words\u2014words that you should know or that will hinder your understanding of the text. These words are <em>juicy words<\/em> in my classroom because they\u2019re so good that we need to stop and give them the attention they need.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2025_JUNE_24_ran_25_SoR_Secondary_Vocabulary_Mulvaney-Mankowski.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/teachersfirst.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2025_JUNE_24_ran_25_SoR_Secondary_Vocabulary_Mulvaney-Mankowski-200x300.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2025_JUNE_24_ran_25_SoR_Secondary_Vocabulary_Mulvaney-Mankowski-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2025_JUNE_24_ran_25_SoR_Secondary_Vocabulary_Mulvaney-Mankowski-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2025_JUNE_24_ran_25_SoR_Secondary_Vocabulary_Mulvaney-Mankowski.png 735w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, when we read Bryan Stevenson\u2019s <em>Just Mercy<\/em>, and we get to \u201crecidivism,\u201d we pause on it. I acknowledge the juiciness of the word and ask if anyone knows what it means. No matter the reply, we break down the word to make sure we fully understand why the word means what it means. If someone knows the definition, I may ask how they learned the word to give them a moment to be the expert. Explicitly show students how to use the context to glean meaning, ask them if there are any other words that we can associate with the word, and then start the breakdown: <strong>re-<\/strong>: a prefix meaning &#8220;back&#8221; or \u201cagain\u201d; <strong>-cid-<\/strong>: from Latin root <em>cadere<\/em>, meaning &#8220;to fall&#8221;; <strong>-iv-<\/strong>: an adjectival suffix forming the Latin word <em>recidivus<\/em>, meaning &#8220;falling back&#8221;; <strong>-ism<\/strong>: a noun-forming suffix meaning &#8220;the practice or state of.\u201d So, now students can see that <em>recidivism<\/em> literally means \u201cfalling back into the practice of,\u201d which has now been accepted as \u201cfalling back into the practice of criminal behavior.\u201d Cool, right?! We aren&#8217;t done, though\u2014use this time to explain that the suffix &#8211;<strong>ism<\/strong>is used to turn adjectives into nouns, and that if the word is a Latin-based word, &#8211;<strong>iv<\/strong> or &#8211;<strong>ive<\/strong>will be an adjective.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This aligns with Hennessey\u2019s third tier of vocabulary instruction: <strong>Intentional teaching of independent word learning strategies.<\/strong>\u00a0 The more work we get with morphemic analysis, context analysis, and basic vocabulary tools\u2014dictionary, thesaurus, and etymological usage and understanding\u2014the better students\u2019 vocabulary skills will become in both depth and breadth. When we encounter these juicy words, my students keep a log of them along with notes from the mini-lesson we had. I keep a digital log for easy reference and frequently review or reference these concepts in warm-ups, exit-ticket questions, or by requiring students to use a certain number of these words in writing assignments. As students get used to this, have them bring up juicy words that they have found on their own. Students now have a personal resource to use at any point to help them understand the words that shape their understanding. Have fun with words and show students how great they can be!\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Development of \u201cWord Consciousness:\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Word consciousness goes beyond knowing words and what creates them; it\u2019s a genuine interest in words. Donna Mastrovito makes a case for a word-conscious classroom in this <a href=\"https:\/\/keystoliteracy.com\/blog\/word-conscious-classroom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Keys to Literacy<\/em> blog post<\/a>. Mastrovito encourages all teachers to become logophiles and share that love daily with students. Teachers can create a Word of the Day collection and take a few minutes to talk about the word (if you need help with finding words, check out <a href=\"http:\/\/wordsmith.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wordsmith.org<\/a> and subscribe to their <a href=\"https:\/\/wordsmith.org\/awad\/subscribe.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Word of the Day<\/a> for a free daily email of wonderful words). Mastrovito also points out that \u201cMost of the vocabulary that students attain after the third grade can be attributed to the incidental learning of words from context while reading,\u201d and calls for high-quality student-selected readings. The more we can get them to read, the more words they will know.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another routine that can easily be adopted for any classroom is <a href=\"https:\/\/schoolhabits.com\/how-to-study-vocabulary-words-using-the-scaling-technique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">scaling<\/a>. Give students an array of words that have similar concepts and have students scale them in an order you determine (most intense to least intense, sequence, etc.). This is a great way to sneak in some connotation work to help students learn the shades of meaning.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXf20gdrVYoQj2l1ygHedWupBu0KC2zptDhXZ_KSR-3xmDRLDPu_Z-pQLlmH8l8xGVNrQK50KblXv7Gk2X-kcrB0CbZgyEZTrUuaI2p-AcEyzVsEs2R77OaFw0qQhm0t9vC_AeI8Ug?key=o1uOgVO0Sk-LRI7iqdfcjA\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:430px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 4: Scaling Example. Excerpted from <a href=\"https:\/\/keystoliteracy.com\/wp-content\/pdfs\/orc-admins\/Recognizing%20Use%20Vocab.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/keystoliteracy.com\/wp-content\/pdfs\/orc-admins\/Recognizing%20Use%20Vocab.pdf<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/keystoliteracy.com\/wp-content\/pdfs\/orc-admins\/Recognizing%20Use%20Vocab.pdf\"><\/a>You do not need to be a reading instructor or have a reading license to help all readers in your classroom. All you need is some tools and a willingness to help. If this is new to you, don\u2019t be discouraged. Many secondary teachers, even the English teachers, don\u2019t know this stuff. In Hostetter\u2019s TEDx Talk, she says, \u201cAs a teacher, I should have known how to help [struggling readers], but I didn\u2019t know because I have never been taught.\u201d Take this as your wake-up call. Learn what you can to help your students. Patience is also important: it took us a while to get here, and it will take some time and hard work to get us back on track. You can do this, and your students can too!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you\u2019d like to learn more about the Science of Reading and other ways to support readers, check out this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teachersfirst.com\/spectopics\/scienceofreading.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">TeachersFirst\u2019s Science of Reading special topic collection<\/a>.\u00a0 If you\u2019d like to learn how to integrate technology with vocabulary instruction, check out our OK2Ask workshop, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/the-source-for-learning.trainercentralsite.com\/session\/ok2ask597#\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tech-Powered Vocabulary: Engaging Strategies for Long-Term Retention.<\/a>\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Science of Reading (SOR) is not a fad or a new initiative\u2014it\u2019s the result of decades of empirical study and research that have proven how the brain learns to read and the tried-and-true practices that support this process. To integrate insights from this body of research into our instruction, there are some habits we\u2019ll &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/2025\/06\/science-of-reading-for-secondary-boosting-vocabulary-instruction\/\" class=\"more-link\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[68,305,268],"class_list":["post-12185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-classroom-application","tag-reading","tag-science-of-reading","tag-vocabulary"],"modified_by":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12185","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12185"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12185\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12236,"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12185\/revisions\/12236"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teachersfirst.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}